Middle+Ages

Middle Age
Middle ages is the period of time after Western Rome Empire fell. West part of the Europe was chaotic and unruled under Barbarians' control. The Early Middle Ages is also known as the Dark Ages.

=__The Rise of the Catholic Church __=



__**Church Hierarchy: **__


__Monks and Nuns:__ - Devoted to god

 * They were not allowed to marry
 * They spent all their lives devoting to god in order to go to heaven
 * Lived in the place called monasteries.
 * They took notes from the bibles or other religious books or copied them to study

__**Benedictine Rule:**__
Benedictine rule is the law for monks and nuns living communally under the authority of an abbot. During the 1500 years of its existence, it has become the leading guide in Western Christianity for monastic living in community, in Orthodoxy, Catholicism and (since the time of the Reformation) in the Anglican and Protestant traditions. The Rule opens with a hortatory preface, in which St. Benedict sets forth the main principles of the religious life. Benedict's influence was very strong. Soon, all monks had to take three vows:
 * 1) Vow of poverty. This meant he had to give up all his worldly goods.
 * 2) Vow of chastity. This meant he had to stay single.
 * 3) Vow of obedience. This meant he had to promise to obey the church and the rules of the monastery.

__**Catholic Monasteries and their role in Medieval Europe:**__
Monasteries were the actual centers of the organization in Medieval Europe. In Dark Ages, there were less learnings in school and the language of Latin became less common, and new languages began such as English, Spanish, and French. However, the monasteries of Catholic church were more organized than the local government they had. Soon, they became the most powerful force in Western Europe. They provided social services, helped the sick and poor, also, educated children well.



media type="youtube" key="qJBKGVRdhy8" height="344" width="425"

 * Charlemagne** ( meaning **Charles the Great**) (742 – 28 January 814) was [|King of the Franks] from 768 to his death. He expanded the Frankish kingdoms into a [|Frankish Empire] that incorporated much of [|Western] and [|Central Europe]. During his reign, he conquered [|Italy] and was crowned //Imperator Augustus// by [|Pope Leo III] on 25 December 800 as a rival of the [|Byzantine Emperor] in [|Constantinople]. His rule is also associated with the [|Carolingian Renaissance], a revival of art, religion, and culture through the medium of the [|Catholic Church]. Through his foreign conquests and internal reforms, Charlemagne helped define both [|Western Europe] and the Middle Ages. He is numbered as **Charles I** in the regal lists of [|France], Germany, and the [|Holy Roman Empire].

=__Feudalism in Europe__ =

Between 800 and 1000, new invasion threatened Europe. From the north came the most feared fighters of all. They were the Vikings, or Norsemen. The Vikings raided villages and monasteries. By around the year 1000, though, the Vikings had settled down in many parts of the Europe. They adopted Christianity and stopped raiding to become traders and farmers.

There are the people that threatened Europe between 800 and 1000. The most feared fighters came from the North they were called the vikings.  Knights were only allowed to love one woman at a time. If they were not fighting, they participated in jousting tournaments. They started training to be a knight at the age of 7. But, were they tougher than Samurai warriors?

Feudalism structure in Europe

-King They gave lands to the lords and control the villages. They lived in castles which were cold and wet but safe.

-Lord, Noble, Vassal, Church Officials They managed the land and served for the King. They gave king advice when king asked them.

-Knights They protected their Lords and lands.

-Serfs They were people who legally tied to the land, farm workers who were almost slaves.

= = = = =**__Feudalism in Asia__: **= Much of the central Asia is covered withe dry grassland. is called the steppe,it has little rain falls on the steppe. It gets very cold in winter and hot in summer.

**Japanese Feudalism **

= From late of 1100th, a group called Samurai started to enter the politics. The Samurai was the people who was court noble before and started to armament to protect lands by their own. They used swords call "Katana" and "wakizashi." Samurai protected their lord from attacks by other lords. They followed a strict code of behavior known as Bushido. It is the same as the code of chivalry for knights. They were rules based upon behavior and how to act mannerly. They stabbed themselves in the stomach, when they committed suicide. This called, seppuku. They would do this, when they did something shameful such as lose a battle. =



The picture on above is a Japanese famous castle. Japanese Samurai used this building in same way as Europeans. This was a symbol of lord's power.

From 1192, a Samurai named Yoritomo Minamoto became the first Shogun and made a new system of politics, which is controlled by only Samurai called Kamakura bakufu. During this time, the Mongol tried to invade Japan for two times, but Samurai made strong defense and finally Samurai beat them. However, the Kamakura bakufu soon fell and the Emperor started fighting and tried to retake its power in politics from Samurai. The Emperor divided into North and South and fought against together. A daimyo named Ashikaga Takauji supported the North Emperor. They finally won the battle and Takauji became a new Shogun and opened Bakufu called Muromachi Bakufu in 1336. They organized politics, culture, and interested in trading. But, it ended 1573 when Ashikaga Yoshiaki (15th generation) was a Shogun. After that Japan entered Azuchimomoyama Period (1568-1603). It was a time when two leaders called Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi took power in politics. In 1576, Owari's Daidaimyo named Oda Nobunaga built his castle called Azuchi-Jyo. He won every battles and took control of important part. He planed to go to Kyoto and become a Shogun but, in 1582 his man called Akechi Mitsuhide killed him. Nobunaga's dream was ended. After that, Nobunaga's man called Toyotomi Hideyoshi killed Mitsuhide very soon (Yamazaki's fight). And in 1856, Hideyoshi became a Kampaku and took control of politics. But, he did not opened his Bakufu. He built a castle called Osaka-Jyo. It was one of the most gorgeous structure in Japan. He organized ranks of people more strictly and made the power of Samurai more stronger. He took up weapons from farmers to prevent riot. Also he searched land all over Japan to calculate amount of taxes(rice). He also interested in trading with China and others. From that reason, Osaka is one of the most largest city in Japan. He also planned to expand its power. He fought with Korea from 1592-1598 by sending his troops. But this plan was failed. This caused Toyotomi family's power more weaker and finally it fall when his son became the Kanpaku. Pictures on the left:Osakajyo with Osaka City Picture on above is Toyotomi Hideyoshi The Daimyo who ended Toyotomi's power in politics was named Tokugawa Ieyasu. His childhood was very hard time. He became a hostage of Imagawa family. From that reason, Ieyasu got preserverance. When Imagawa Yoshimoto got killed by Oda Nobunaga in Fight of Okehazama, he became free and become a daimyo of Mikawa country. During Nobunaga and Hideyoshi took control in politics, he supported them and just standed. But when Hideyoshi died, Ieyasu finally took an action to become a Seiitaisho-gun. In Fight of Sekigahara(1600), he beat Toyotomi family (led by Ishida Mitsunari) and finally opened his Bakufu. Ieyasu built Edo-Jyo (Tokyo Castle) and he made peace of Japan for 260 years. This period was called Edo Jidai. The Bakufu was ended when Perry came to Japan in 1853 and Japan signed treaty of Kanagawa (Nichibeiwashinjyoyaku) in 1854. The feudalism in Japan was now ended. Picture on the left: Tokugawa Ieyasu Picture on the right : Edo Castle

Feudalism structure in Japan: -Shogun — highest military commander -Daimyo — manage the land -Samurai Warrior — protect their lord from attacks by other lords -Peasant — grow and produce food from their land

The Samurai warriors worked under the Daimyo, who was the person that managed the land for the Shogun. Samurai warriors no longer existed after gunpowder was invented because they were easy to defeat if you had a gun. media type="youtube" key="lKn7lkpU1fE" height="344" width="425"

__**Genghis Khan - Who was he? What did he do?**__



He was a Mongolian emperor who led Mongol conquer the large part of the world. The conquered land became the largest empire in the history. He brought peace to the Chinese and helpful trading.

Leader who brought together the Mongol clans A person that tried to bring Mongol clans together. His name is Temujin he was giving a title of Genghis Khan which means Universal ruler. He rule for 21 years,and did not conquered china. He organized his soldiers,and can trick enemies. When he had passed away, his grandson Kublai Khan conquered all of China in 1279. He also became an emperor of China.

__Mongol's Territory__

====

=__The High Middle Ages and the Crusades:__=



__**Church Reforms: **__
__What changes did the Church make__? __Why were the made__?

1. Stop simony - Many people were giving and selling high position within the church - Pope Gregory VIII prohibited simony which means selling of positions in the church.

2. Stopped marriage for priests - Many priests had been giving the churches' money to their families instead of helping the poor people - They stopped marriage for the priests so that they can pay more attention to the church than their families.

3. Kings and nobles - they were appointing high church officials which made a big problem in there thinking of change. - Kings and nobles could no longer choose church officials.

__The Battle of Hastings and the formation of England: __
<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">__Battle of Hastings. What happened?__

The Vikings vs. The Saxons <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
 * The Saxons** are already in Europe(England) from 600 A.D. when they invaded Britain. When the Battle of Hastings took place, King Harold II was the ruler.

they were from France, and won the battle of hastings.
 * The Vikings** are led by Duke William of Normandy or "William the Conqueror." They were looking to expand their territory.

**The Saxon Army**
Harold had two types of soldiers in his army. 1. Housecarls: These were full time professional soldiers who were well trained and paid. 2. Fyrd: These were part time, unpaid soldiers who were called up when the country was in danger.

Spearmen, Housemen/calvary, and Archers are full-time professionals.
 * The Norman Army**

1st stage Norman attached but they started running away. Saxons were easily killed by the Norman Horsemen
 * The Plan**

2nd stage-same as the first stage 3rd stage-the Archers the shield wall was weakened but still strong. William orders his Archers to am high to distract the Saxons whilst he led another charge. 4th stage-the shield Wall Collapses Final stage-death of Harold: with an arrow which was shot towards the sky, stuck Harold above the right eye.

__The signing of the Magna Carta__ It was a great charter, which granted certain political rights for people. It is the signing of the paper that the nobles forced King John to sign. It put the limitations on the power of the kings. It also said taxes needed to be collected peacefully. Also, people have the right to a fair trial in court and the king had to follow the rules. Actually, Magna Carta didn't give many rights to common people. It gave more privileges and rights to nobles. It also set a basis for the modern jury system. Laws in countries like England and Germany were made based on this.

<span style="color: rgb(235, 10, 10);">__The Crusades:__
__Why they started:__

Crusaders started because Muslims attack the Byzantine Empire(jihad) and blow up an Eastern Orthodox church. They also capture and kill Christian pilgrims. The Byzantine Empire called Catholic Church for help. At that time, Jerusalem, a holy city for both Muslims and Christians, was under Muslims' control. After Seljuk Turks captured Jerusalem, they didn't allow Christians to come Jerusalem. So, Pope Urban ll gave a speech in front of kings and princes to tempt them start a holy war to fight back and have Jerusalem back.

__Why did people fight in them:__

People fight them because Pope Urban ll gave important a speech. So kings and church said that God wills it, people should go to Jerusalem and fight Muslims. Most Christians had strong religious feelings, but others had other different reasons to go to the crusades. (Wealth in the new lands, new adventure, merchants wanted new products, criminals left for free, and serfs got out of the nobles' control.)

__1st Crusade:__

Christians won the first one. They got part of the control of the holy land, and they got the Jerusalem. However, many of them starved to death on the way to Jerusalem.

__2nd Crusade:__

After the first crusade, Christians and Muslims were living peacefully in the Jerusalem. But Christians treated Muslims unfairly, so Muslims attacked Jerusalem and won the battle under general Saladin. After a period of relative peace in which Christians and Muslims coexisted in the Holy Land, Muslims conquered the town of [|Edessa]. A new crusade was called for by various preachers, most notably by [|Bernard of Clairvaux]. French and South German armies, under the Kings [|Louis VII] and [|Conrad III] respectively, marched to Jerusalem in 1147 but failed to win any major victories, launching a failed preemptive siege of Damascus, an independent city that would soon fall into the hands of [|Nur ad-Din], the main enemy of the Crusaders. On the other side of the Mediterranean, however, the Second Crusade met with great success as a group of Northern European Crusaders stopped in [|Portugal], allied with the [|Portuguese King], [|Afonso I of Portugal], and [|retook Lisbon] from the Muslims in 1147. In the Holy Land by 1150, both the kings of France and Germany had returned to their countries without any result. St. Bernard of Clairvaux, who in his preaching had encouraged the Second Crusade, was upset with the amount of misdirected violence and slaughter of the Jewish population of the Rhineland. North Germans and Danes attacked the [|Wends] during the 1147 [|Wendish Crusade], which was unsuccessful as well.

__3rd Crusade:__ - Richard, the lion heart, attacked Jerusalem. But at last, Muslims won once again. Saladin and Richard had a truce and Muslims let Christians visit the Jerusalem. - The Muslims' won the 3rd fight but the truce was the Christians could visit the Holy land without a trout. - The truce was between Richard and Saladin. Richard and Saladin respected each other.

__4th Crusade:__ Christians attacked Christians. This time, crusader didn't even got to Jerusalem. It ended in disaster. Knights destroyed the Constantinople. It finally split the western and eastern church.

__Children's Crusade:__ In France, a shepherd boy named Stephen led Children Crusaders. In German, a boy named Nicholas led German Youth. - 20,000 kids under the age of 12 went to fight. They were captured and sold to be slaves. Some died on the way to Jerusalem.

__Long-term and short-term effects of the Crusades:__

The long term effects of crusade are mostly advantages crusade brought. Like People payed taxes to governments, which led to the development of system of direct taxation. It also helped Europeans started trading again. That made European countries became stronger afterward. People returned from crusades brought back new ideas as for example traveling and discovering new routes. That helped to discover America. But, crusades also made the Muslims communities to be isolated from the rest of the world. That led Muslims felt excluded and not be advanced from other parts of the world. Many Muslims and Christians hated each other, with caused the war in Iraq when the Americans and other nations invaded the Muslim lands because of terrorist attacks like for example 9 /11 of 2001.

The short team effects is that Christians were finally defeated by Muslims. The crusades have a good effect and a bad effect. The good effects of crusades is that it created a culture that different country's' dominant today. The bad effect is that many people died because of the crusades.