Rome

**Rome**
The Rome was one of the world most biggest empire in the history. The empire expanded from Rome and through all over the Europe, Egypt , and part of Africa. They made great systems of government, laws, and military. Many country's government still apply the system from the Rome. The country started from 27B.C. and fall in 1453 B.C.(476B.C.). The first emperor of Rome was named Augustus he took place to support the republic but after 285B.C., Emperor Diocletianus took all powers and the Rome became an great empire. It gave stimulus to other countries and gave positive changes to world history. The Romans built beautiful temples to their many gods. there were 300 temples in Rome alone. one of the most famous of these was the Pantheon. the Roman forum was a gathering place, it was there that the senate met in the Senate House. the Romans also built huge public baths. the baths were a center of social life. wealthy Romans lived in big hoses. and rich people had country homes.


 * //__Geography of Rome__//**

The Geography of Rome is at the middle of the Italy which gave them chances to control all Italy. It first defeat enemies in Italy and controlled all land. Then, after three Punic war. Romans controlled large area of land around Mediterranean sea.




 * //__Roman Government__//**

Roman government had two consuls. They controlled military power. They could veto laws passed by Senates. Sometimes, in emergency, they could become dictators to control all powers in Rome. But it only lasted 6 months. The Roman government had a Senate. It was made up of 300 people. They could pass laws or choose consuls. Tribune was made up of farmers and workers. They didn't have as much power as Senate. Partricians are landowners, nobles.


 * //__Comparison of Roman Government to that of the United States__//**


 * Rome || United States ||
 * 1.Rome has two consuls.

2.Consuls can become dictators in emergency.

3.Roman Senate has 300 people.

4.Roman Senate serves for life. || 1.America has one president.

2.President can't control all powers in America.

3.American Senate has 100 people. Two people each state. 4.American Senate serves for 6 years. ||

__//**The religion**//__

The religion was one of the most important and confidence problem of the Roman Empire. The government afraid to lost its power from the power of the religion group and tried to keep their power small. They also persecuted Druids, Judaism, and Christianity. The way which they punished them was to kill them. However they stopped to persecute the religions when the emperor changed to Constantine.

The Punic Wars were series of wars between Rome and Carthage. Carthage was a city in North Africa located 300 miles across the sea from Rome, and was rival city of Rome. They had control of Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily, which were islands on Mediterranean Sea.
 * //__The Punic Wars__//**

__//**First Pu****nic War**//__
Rome and Carthage agreed to a peace settlement which ended what was called the First Punic War. In the peace treaty, Rome got control of Sicily, Then later got control of Sardinia and Corsica from Carthage.

What is the First Punic War?

//**__Second Punic War__**//

The **Second Punic War** lasted from [|218] to [|201 BC] and involved combatants in the western and eastern Mediterranean. It was the second of three major wars between [|Carthage] and the [|Roman Republic].

//**__Third Punic War__**//

218 BC to 201 BC. This time， Rome defeat Carthage and controlled all areas around Mediterranean Sea.



__**Watch a Punic War overview here:

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//**__The Rise of Julius Caesar__**//

How did Caesar rise to power?

Julius Caesar was the Roman general in the province of Gaul. His soldiers were very loyal to him and he won many battle in Greece, in Spain, and in north Africa. Many Roman people liked him. Because many people liked him, the senators in Rome began to worry that he is becoming powerful. They tried to kill Caesar and this led to civil wars. In civil wars, Caesar won and finally he controlled the Roman world.

What does it mean to "cross the Rubicon."?

Rubicon River was a river near Rome center. In Rome tradition, generals couldn't lead their armies pass through Rubicon River, or they would thought to control Rome by armies. But Caesar led his army pass the river when his friend told him to come back to Rome. Then, Caesar controlled Rome. It is a idiom as to say the point of no return.

Why was Julius Caesar killed? Who killed him? On which day was he killed?

Julius Caesar was killed because senators and his best friends were afraid that he had too muchf power. They thought he wanted to be the King. The Senate and his friends killed him in Mach 15.

What happened after Julius Caesar was killed?

Marc anthoney had taken place and became the new dictator he also become the lover and ally of cleopatra. Rome fell into civil war, and Augustus came to power.

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 * //__The Rise of Octavian Augustus__//**

How did Augustus come to power? Who was he?

Julius Caesar was the uncle of octavian augustus, he got power after julius Caesa dead

Was he a good ruler? Why or why not?

Augustus was a great ruler because the Roma achieve a lot of glory from him like restored peace,unmaintained an nones government,extending the high way system,connecting Rome with its far fung and other things. He was a good ruler. First, he ended the civil wars that Roman struggled with, and this brought the time of peace called Pax Romana. He chose good and honest men as government leaders, and He built roads connecting all the provinces with Rome. He also improved harbors and made trade easier. At this time, life became better for most people.

What was the Pax Romana?

The Pax Romana, or Roman Peace, is a Latin term to the Empire in its glorified prime. From the end of the Republican civil wars. It was like the Golden Age of Greek.

 //**__Entertainment in Rome __**//

Chariot Races:

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__Find out as much information as you can about the chariot races and describe what it was like to be at one:__

In ancient Rome chariot races commonly took place in a circus. The main center of chariot racing was the Circus Maximus in the valley between Palatine Hill and Aventine Hill,which could seat between 150,000 and 180,000 people.It was the earliest circus in the city of Rome.The Circus was supposed to date to the city's earliest times, but it was rebuilt by Julius Caesar around 50 BC so that it had a length of about 650 meters (2,130 ft) and a width of about 125 meters (410 ft).One end of the track was more open than the other, as this was where the chariots lined up to begin the race. The Romans used a series of gates known as //carceres//, an equivalent to the Greek //hysplex//. These were staggered in the same way as the //hysplex//, but they were slightly different because Roman racing tracks also had a median (the //spina//) in the center of the track. The //carceres// took up the angled end of the track,and the chariots were loaded into spring-loaded gates. When the chariots were ready, the emperor (or whoever was hosting the races, if they were not in Rome) dropped a cloth known as a //mappa//, signalling the beginning of the race. The gates would spring open, creating a perfectly fair beginning for all participants. Once the race had begun, the chariots could move in front of each other in an attempt to cause their opponents to crash into the //spinae// (singular //spina//). On the top of the //spinae// stood small tables or frames supported on pillars, and also small pieces of marble in the shape of eggs or dolphins. The //spina// eventually became very elaborate, with statues and obelisks and other forms of art, but the multiplication of the adornments of the //spina// had one unfortunate result: They became so numerous that they obstructed the view of spectators on lower seats. At either end of the spina was a //meta//, or turning point, in the form of large gilded columns.Spectacular crashes took place there, as in the Greek races, in which the chariot was destroyed and the charioteer and horses incapacitated were known as //naufragia//, also the Latin word for shipwrecks.

//__**Gladiator Fights**__//

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__From what you learned about the gladiator contests in class and readings and your own research, write all you know about the gladiator contests.__

Slaves were captured and sold as gladiators and were to to fight till the death. It was a source of entertainment to see who was most popular.

Gladiator are the people sold to the weather people.and they wearthe people will use them to make money by fighting to other people.they are to be keep by there owner for their rest of they live.

__**//Gladiator - The Movie//**__

media type="youtube" key="WjudEF7yobg" height="344" width="425"media type="youtube" key="idjQjmKDaL4" height="344" width="425" Found this video on Youtube that had scenes and the song in it is called Requiem For a Dream Enjoy!

Day 1

Q: At the beginning of the movie, where were the Romans fighting? Who were they fighting? A: At the beginning of the movie, the Romans were fighting with barbarian tribes in Germania.

Q: What does Maximus want to do after he wins in battle? A: Maximus wants to go back to home to see his family after he wins in battle.

Q: What does Emperor Marcus Aurelius want to see happen to Rome? A: Emperor Marcus Aurelius wants to see Rome back to a republic country again, and give the power back to people.

Q: What does Marcus Aurelius's son, Commodus, think of the Roman senators? A: Commodus thinks of the Roman senators want to change the Rome back to the republic country. He thinks that the senators are not giving him respect as they do to his father. He wants to take all powers from Senators.

Q: What does Marcus Aurelius want for Maximus? A: Marcus Aurelius wants Maximus be the next emperor and makes Rome back to republic.

Day 2

Q: Why did Commodus want to kill Maximus? A: Commodus wanted to kill him because Maximus refused to be his loyalty, and he's also afraid of Maximus would be the emperor someday.

Q: Why did Maximus not die after Commodus wanted him dead? A: Because his imgine of his family helped him get away from soldiers who were trying to kill him. He killed soldiers and rushed back to his home.

Q: What happened to Maximus's family? A: Maximus's family was killed and hung by Praetorian Guards.

Q: What happened to Maximus after he went home? A: Maximus found his family was killed and buried them. Then, he fell asleep on their graves. Slave traders found Maximus and took him to Zucchabar.

Q: Where is Maximus going after he wins his first few gladiator fights? A: He was going to Rome. He would have his gladiator fight in Colosseum.

Day 3

Q: Describe the guy who is in charge of the gladiators. What is he like? A: He was an old gladiator long time ago. He won the crowd in the fight, so the old emperor made him free. A: He is old and have a lot of money.

Q: Why doesn't Commodus (emperor) just kill Maximus if he does not like him? A: Commodus couldn't just kill him because of the Romans who love and cheered Maximus on as a gladiator. A: Maximus won the crowd. He defeat Barbarian army in the fight. A: It's too hard for Commodus to kill Maximus,because Maximus knows how to fight very well, and all the crowed have know now that he is still alive,so if Commmodus kill Maximus he well be in a lot of trouble with all the people in Rome.

Q: Why did Maximus get so mad at Commodus's sister? A: Maximus got mad of Commodus's sister because he thought that she helped to kill his family, and she didn't do anything to avoid it. A: Maximus got made of Commodus sister because she did not do any thing when Commodus kill his father.  Q: What is the last thing Maximus wants to do? A: Last thing Maximus wants to do is have vengeance on the emperor, kill him, and be with his family.   Day 4:

Q: What plot did Maximus have to become free? A: Maximus had a plot with Lucilla, Senator Gracchus and Cicero which was his servant, about to overturn Commodus' empire and kill him.

Q: What happened with this plan? Did it work? A: Commodus knew their plot when he was playing with Lucilla's son, so he was so angry about that, and forced Lucilla tell him the whole plot otherwise he would kill her son. And as Maximus was escaping the prison, Proximo was killed by the guards and Juba with other gladiators was impirsoned. Maximus also saw Cicero was killed. A: The plot didn't work, and Maximus was catched by the guards.

Q: What does Commodus want his sister to do for him? A: He wanted his sister to listen to him, or he would kill his son.

Q: When Commodus lost his sword while fighting Maximus, why didn't the senators give him a new one? A: Senators realized that Maximus must be hurt before the fight, due to the equity, he didn't give him a new one. A: Th senator liked Maximus not Commodous. He regarded Maximus for his fight. So even the empiror asked him to give him the sword, he made all soldiers sealed their swords.

Q: After Maximus defeats Commodus in the area, what does Maximus want for Rome? A: Maximus wants the Rome become a country that the government is controled by the Senate, and he asked for releasing all prisoners.

Q: Who takes charge of Rome when Maximus dies? A: Senators would take charge of Rome.

 =The Rise of Christianity in Rome:=

__The Life of Jesus:__ Christianity was founded on the life and teachings of a Jew named Jesus Christ. The English word "**Jesus**" comes from the Greek form of the Hebrew //Joshua//, a common name which means "savior." "**Christ**" is a title and it comes from the Greek form of the Hebrew //Messiah//, meaning "anointed one." Since the time of the earliest Christians, "Christ" has been used both as a surname and as a name that stands alone. Christians believe, and the majority of scholars agree, that Jesus was an actual historical figure. The Christian calendar, in use throughout most of the Western world, centers around the birth of Jesus. The abbreviation "AD" stands for the Latin //anno domini//, "in the year of our Lord." Interestingly, Jesus was actually born a few years "Before Christ" (BC) due to a calculation error of the monk (Dionysius Exiguus) who established the Christian calendar in 525 AD.

__Constantine converts to Christianity:__

Before a big battle, Constantine saw a cross on the ground. It was the symbol of Christianity. That night when he was sleeping, he saw a cross too. It said if he brought a cross with him in the battle, he would win the fight. Constantine actually won the battle with a cross with him, so he became a Christian.

__Why do many people convert to Christianity?__

Constantine spent a lot of money and gave some powers to Christian churches. Many people became Christian for money and favor Constantine offered them. The Christians belived that if there is something wrong god will come and help them. Thats why a lot of money were spend into churches.

=The Fall of the Roman Empire:=  What bad things were happening in Rome that led to its downfall? (explain in detail about the following things)

Education: It was very important that the students were learning creativity but because of the bad teachers that were not trained corectly.

Greediness:

Government: High taxes, the government gave people a lot of job that high pay and non-working.

Economy:There were so many poor people or people who can't find a good job. Only limited number of people had wealthy.

Home life:

Who were the Barbarians (Germanic tribes)? Why did they want to invade Rome

Barbarians were people lived in north of Roma. They didn't have much money and food, so they wanted to invade Roma to became rich and live in better lives. They were hired by Roman army before, so they knew about Roma well. After Roma moved it's capital to Constantinople , West got much weaker. Rich people all moved to live in East, strong army and wealth all sent to new capital. Barbarians controlled food - supply line of the Rome city for two months and finally broke in to the city.

Map of Barbarian Invasions into Rome:



 =Rome Review guide for test:=

The test will be on Tuesday, November 4th. It will all be multiple choice or matching because the writing part was done in class. Remember, write down important information as you think about who, what, where, when, and why for each term. Do not simply write down a dictionary definition.

__Roman Republic__ Rome republic was kind of similar to the U.S. today. It was made up of two consuls, 300 hundred Senators, and Tribune. Consuls were controlling military power. They could become dictators to control whole Rome for 6 months in emergency situations. Senators were elected from plebeians. They passes laws and served for whole life. Tribunes were from patricians. They didn't have as much power as Senators.

__Latin__ Latin was the language Romans spoke. Later, it developed to many languages used today.

__Punic Wars__ Fist Punic War is Romans and Cathage agreed to a peace settlement. Second Punic War is Hannibal attacked a city frieandly to Rome. The Romans responded by declaring a war on Carthage. Hannibal almost defeated Rome, but hiss brother was killed,so he was forced to return to Cathage. Third Punic War was after 15 years on the Italian Peninsula, Rome beat Cathage and burned Cathage City. This time, Rome contorlled whole area around Mediterranean Sea.

__Hannibal - Who was he? What did he do? Who did he fight for?__ Hannibal was the person who led his army to the Pyreneesand. His men rode elephants. He fight for Cathage with Romans Empire.

__Problem among classes ($$) in Rome__ There was a huge gap between rich people and poor people in Rome.

__Senate__ 300 members chosen from the upper classes. The passed laws.

__Consuls__ There were two consuls. They were elected each year. They led the government army.

__Twelve Tables__ Laws written down and set up.

__1st Triumvirate__ When Julius Caesar joined with two others, Crassus, a wealthy man, and Pompey, a successful general. They formed a triumvirate.

__Julius Caesar and “crossing the Rubicon”__ Crossing the Rubicon means that a person has gone too far. He/she can't change his/her mind.

__Tribunes -Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus - What did they do? What happened to them?__ They were two noble brothers. They thought rich people had too many lands, so they wanted to give lands back to poor people. A group of Senators killed them.

__Christians in the Coliseum__ Most of them were killed by fire and dogs__.__ Some Christians were happy because they would go to the after lives that Jesus was promised.

__Where did Rome borrow its culture from?__ Greeks.

__Gladiator contests and Chariot racing__ The gladiators were professional fighters who fought to the death in Punic contests. They were presented in the Colosseum.

__Caesar Augustus__ He was the nephew of Julius Caesar. They got power after Julius Caesar was died. Brought peace to the frontier, built many public buildings, set up a civil service, and created a lasting government.

__Pax Romana__ Roman peace after Augustus became the emperor.

__Rise of Christianity__ When Jesus was born in Judea and began to preach.

__Jesus__ He said he was the messiah.

__Peter__ The first apostle and pope.

__Paul__ One of the apostles that want the peoples that are not Jewish to become the Christians.and he did not see Jesus.

__Jesus’ death__ Jewish leaders did not believe that Jesus teachings were those of god, they put him to death because they are feared he would incite the people. Romans afraid of the rising of Christianity, so they put Jesus to death.

__Constantine__ He saw a cross before a big battle. That night, he dreamed about the cross again. It said if he brought a cross with him, he would win the battle. He won the battle with a cross. Then he himself became a Christianity. He convert Christianity to the Roman religion. Gave money to churches. He moved the capital to Constantinople.

__Fall of the Roman Empire__ Government,economy,education,pursuit of pleasure,Christianity.inflation,mercenaries,military

__Emperor Diocletian__ Took the emperor in 284, passed new laws to fix the economy. Name himself a son of the Romans God, divide the empire into eastern and western to be easier to govern.

__Roman legacy (What contributions did the Rome make to the modern world)__ Roman language Latin developed to many languages used today. Some of the word we use today like Colosseum, senate, and justice all came from Roma, we also get calendar from them. Roman laws effected many countries' laws.

__Map Skills

__<span style="color: rgb(175, 96, 116)">Be able to locate the following cities on a Mediterranean Map:

Athens in Greece

Rome in Italy

Constantinople(Byzantium) near the Black Sea

Alexandria in Egypt

Carthage in North Africa <span style="color: rgb(175, 96, 116)">



<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"><span style="color: rgb(175, 96, 116)"> Rome- the TV Show  <span style="color: rgb(175, 96, 116)">

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